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Pierre-Yves was born in Switzerland, a small country with many different competitive industries. There he developed a strong interest for understanding the dynamic of industrial growth and technological change since the 19th century. He has been particularly interested in global competition within the watch industry, the expansion of Swiss multinational enterprises in Asia, and the mutation of medicine into a profitable business. In this project, his focus is on the development of medicine as an economic activity in Japan in the 20th century, utilizing an economic history approach. This research takes a close look at the diffusion of technologies relating to the medical market structure and seeks to draw comparison with other advanced countries (USA, UK, France, Germany, Switzerland).